mogamer

Song happiness

2009-10-27T23:56:00.000-07:00

Song Sadap

Very beautiful song and calls for closer to God
It also stems from a sense of sincere
Will not tire of Samaaha
And provide every day to enjoy the
I heard a lot and influenced my life
And hope to be you like it
And enjoy the
And now I leave you with the download

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Kaspersky.Mobile.Secuirty

2009-10-27T23:42:00.000-07:00

Powered protection program was rich from the definition Kaspersky.Mobile.Secuirty.v8.0.48.S60v3.S60v5.Symb ianOS9.x.Unsigned.Cracked . Read.NFO-illusion-arabic full Arabization

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Theme of the third generation

2009-10-27T22:39:00.000-07:00

Your love deep-eyed

Extremism

Mysticism

Worship

Love is like death and birth

Difficult to be twice

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Muslim bag

2009-10-27T21:42:00.000-07:00

Offer you the most comprehensive and best program for this year an Islamic program

portfolio Aloolualojml Muslim version is that the only size 8 MB

This program makes you online and serves as an Islamic Hard disk you need only to open the program and choose the section you want and then easily choose the article that you want to run to run directly from the internet You can also be loaded easily from the program

You can also download the entire Koran to a reader with a single only to be saved where you want them labeled in Arabic and contains the program which you can record favorite articles that you like and wish to refer to later later

You can run the verses of the Qur'an directly from the program completely at ease and speed of You can also run directly from the program flashes also The program contains a section of the Miscellaneous and Islamic clips

It also contains a section to search for opinions It also contains a section on the various books of Islamic scholars and clerics

You can also run the Islamic channels directly from the program You can also easily search the contents of the program ..Click here to download

TuneUp Utilitiess 2009

2009-10-24T16:20:00.000-07:00

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book

2009-10-03T16:33:00.003-07:00

A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf, and each side of a leaf is called a page. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book.

Books may also refer to a literature work, or a main division of such a work. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is literature.

In novels, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, etc).

A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm.

A store where books are bought and sold is a bookstore or bookshop. Books can also be borrowed from libraries.

Antiquity

Sumerian language cuneiform script clay tablet, 2400–2200 BC

When writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations, nearly everything that could be written upon—stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets—was used for writing. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt around 1800 BC. At first the words were not separated from each other (scriptura continua) and there was no punctuation. Texts were written from right to left, left to right, and even so that alternate lines read in opposite directions. The technical term for this type of writing is 'boustrophedon,' which means literally 'ox-turning' for the way a farmer drives an ox to plough his fields.

[edit] Scroll

Main article: Scroll

Egyptian papyrus showing the god Osiris and the weighing of the heart.

Papyrus, a thick paper-like material made by weaving the stems of the papyrus plant, then pounding the woven sheet with a hammer-like tool, was used for writing in Ancient Egypt, perhaps as early as the First Dynasty, although the first evidence is from the account books of King Neferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty^[3] Papyrus sheets were glued together to form a scroll. Tree bark such as lime (Latin liber, from there also library) and other materials were also used.^[4] (about 2400 BC).

According to Herodotus (History 5:58), the Phoenicians brought writing and papyrus to Greece around the tenth or ninth century BC. The Greek word for papyrus as writing material (biblion) and book (biblos) come from the Phoenician port town Byblos, through which papyrus was exported to Greece.^[5]τόμος) which originally meant a slice or piece and from there it became to denote "a roll of papyrus". Tomus was used by the Latins with exactly the same meaning as volumen (see also below the explanation by Isidore of Seville). From Greeks we have also the word tome (Greek:

Whether made from papyrus, parchment, or paper in East Asia, scrolls were the dominant form of book in the Hellenistic, Roman, Chinese and Hebrew cultures. The more modern codex book format form took over the Roman world by late antiquity, but the scroll format persisted much longer in Asia.

Origins

2009-10-03T16:33:00.002-07:00

Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved.^[32] The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils, so molecular techniques have been the most useful means of investigating how they arose.^[33] These techniques rely on the availability of ancient viral DNA or RNA, but, unfortunately, most of the viruses that have been preserved and stored in laboratories are less than 90 years old.^[34]^[35] There are three main hypotheses that try to explain the origins of viruses:^[36]^[37]

Regressive hypothesis: Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells. Over time, genes not required by their parasitism were lost. The bacteria rickettsia and chlamydia are living cells that, like viruses, can reproduce only inside host cells. They lend support to this hypothesis, as their dependence on parasitism is likely to have caused the loss of genes that enabled them to survive outside a cell. This is also called the degeneracy hypothesis.^[38]^[39]
Cellular origin hypothesis: Some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that "escaped" from the genes of a larger organism. The escaped DNA could have come from plasmids (pieces of naked DNA that can move between cells) or transposonswithin the genes of the cell).^[40] Once called "jumping genes", transposons are examples of mobile genetic elements and could be the origin of some viruses. They were discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock in 1950.^[41]vagrancy hypothesis.^[38]^[42] (molecules of DNA that replicate and move around to different positions This is sometimes called the
Coevolution hypothesis: Viruses may have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time as cells first appeared on earth and would have been dependent on cellular life for many millions of years. Viroids are molecules of RNA that are not classified as viruses because they lack a protein coat. However, they have characteristics that are common to several viruses and are often called subviral agents.^[43] Viroids are important pathogens of plants.^[44] They do not code for proteins but interact with the host cell and use the host machinery for their replication.^[45] The hepatitis delta virus of humans has an RNA genome similar to viroids but has protein coat derived from hepatitis B virus and cannot produce one of its own. It is therefore a defective virus and cannot replicate without the help of hepatitis B virus.^[46]

The virophage 'sputnik' infects the mimivirus and the related mamavirus, which in turn infect the protozooan Acanthamoeba castellanii.^[47] These viruses that are dependent on other virus species are called satellites and may represent evolutionary intermediates of viroids and viruses.^[48]^[49] Prions are infectious protein molecules that do not contain DNA or RNA.^[50] They cause an infection in sheep called scrapie and cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow" disease). In humans they cause kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.^[51] They are able to replicate because some proteins can exist in two different shapes and the prion changes the normal shape of a host protein into the prion shape. This starts a chain reaction where each prion protein converts many host proteins into more prions, and these new prions then go on to convert even more protein into prions. Although they are fundamentally different from viruses and viroids, their discovery gives credence to the idea that viruses could have evolved from self-replicating molecules.^[52]

Computer analysis of viral and host DNA sequences is giving a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships between different viruses and may help identify the ancestors of modern viruses. To date, such analyses have not helped to decide on which of these hypotheses are correct. However, it seems unlikely that all currently known viruses have a common ancestor and viruses have probably arisen numerous times in the past by one or more mechanisms.^[53]

Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life, or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life",^[54] since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes and evolve by natural selection,^[55]and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, although they have genes, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life. Additionally, viruses do not have their own metabolism, and require a host cell to make new products. They therefore cannot reproduce outside a host cell (although bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation). Accepted forms of life use cell division to reproduce, whereas viruses spontaneously assemble within cells, which is analogous to the autonomous growth of crystals. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules.[1

virus

2009-10-03T16:33:00.001-07:00

A virus (from the Latin virus meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic infectious agent that can reproduce only inside a host cell. Viruses infect all types of organisms: from animals and plants, to bacteria and archaea.^[1] Since the initial discovery of tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,^[2] more than 5,000 types of virus have been described in detail,^[3] although most types of virus remain undiscovered.^[4] Viruses are ubiquitous, as they are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth,^[5] and are the most abundant type of biological entity on the planet.^[6] The study of viruses is known as virology, and is a branch of microbiology.

Viruses consist of two or three parts: all viruses have genes made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; all have a protein coat that protects these genes; and some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when they are outside a cell. Viruses vary in shape from simple helical and icosahedral shapes, to more complex structures. They are about 1/100th the size of bacteria.^[7] The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.^[8]

Viruses spread in many ways; plant viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on sap, such as aphids, while animal viruses can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing, and others such as norovirus, are transmitted by the faecal-oral route, when they contaminate hands, food, or water. Rotaviruses are often spread by direct contact with infected children. HIV is one of several viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact.

Not all viruses cause disease, as many viruses reproduce without causing any obvious harm to the infected organism. Viruses such as hepatitis B can cause life-long or chronic infections, and the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the hosts' defence mechanisms. In some cases, these chronic infections might be beneficial as they might increase the immune system's response against infection by other pathogens.^[9] However, in most cases viral infections in animals cause an immune response that eliminates the infecting virus. These immune responses can also be produced by vaccines that give immunity to a viral infection. Microorganisms such as bacteria also have defences against viral infection, such as restriction modification systems. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but antiviral drugs have been developed to treat both life-threatening and more minor infections. Unlike antibiotics however, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen but inhibit their development.

Glass ingredients

2009-10-03T16:33:00.000-07:00

Glass ingredients

Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production

Oldest mouth-blown window-glass in Sweden (Kosta Glasbruk, Småland, 1742). In the middle is the mark from the glass blower's pipe.

Pure silica (SiO₂) has a "glass melting point"— at a viscosity of 10 Pa·s (100 P)— of over 2300 °C (4200 °F). While pure silica can be made into glass for special applications (see fused quartz), other substances are added to common glass to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), which lowers the melting point to about 1500 °C (2700 °F) in soda-lime glass; "soda" refers to the original source of sodium carbonate in the soda ash obtained from certain plants. However, the soda makes the glass water soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide (CaO), generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass.^[8] Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.

As well as soda and lime, most common glass has other ingredients added to change its properties. Lead glass, such as lead crystal or flint glass, is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more "sparkles", while boron may be added to change the thermal and electrical properties, as in Pyrex. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion, and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxideUV wavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation). in modern eye glasses. Large amounts of iron are used in glass that absorbs infrared energy, such as heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs

Two other common glass ingredients are calumite (an iron industry by-product) and "cullet" (recycled glass). The recycled glass saves on raw materials and energy. However, impurities in the cullet can lead to product and equipment failure.

Finally, fining agents such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, or antimony oxide are added to reduce the bubble content in the glass.^[8] Glass batch calculation is the method by which the correct raw material mixture is determined to achieve the desired glass composition.

[edit] Contemporary glass production

Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks.^[8]

After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles), the glass is formed. Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process, developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers, who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity. The top surface of the glass is subjected to nitrogen under pressure to obtain a polished finish.^[9] Container glass for common bottles and jars is formed by blowing and pressing methods. Further glass forming techniques are summarized in the table Glass forming techniques.

Once the desired form is obtained, glass is usually annealed for the removal of stresses. Surface treatments, coatings or lamination may follow to improve the chemical durability (glass container coatings, glass container internal treatment), strength (toughened glass, bulletproof glass, windshields), or optical properties (insulated glazing, anti-reflective coating).

glass

2009-10-03T16:19:00.003-07:00

Glass generally refers to hard, brittle, transparent material, such as those used for windows, many bottles, or eyewear. Examples of such solid materials include, but are not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovy-glass, or aluminium oxynitride. In the technical sense, glass is an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled through the glass transition to a rigid condition without crystallizing.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Many glasses contain silica as their main component and glass former.^[6]

In the scientific sense the term glass is often extended to all amorphous solids (and melts that easily form amorphous solids), including plastics, resins, or other silica-free amorphous solids. In addition, besides traditional melting techniques, any other means of preparation are considered, such as ion implantation, and the sol-gel method.^[6] However, glass science and physics commonly includes only inorganic amorphous solids, while plastics and similar organics are covered by polymer science, biology and further scientific disciplines.

Glass plays an essential role in science and industry. The optical and physical properties of glass make it suitable for applications such as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equipment, thermal insulator (glass wool), reinforcement fiber (glass-reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete), and art.

The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier, now in modern Germany, that the late-Latin term glesum originated, probably from a Germanic word for a transparent, lustrous^[7] substance.

google

2009-10-03T16:19:00.002-07:00

Google Inc. is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. Google has also developed an open source web browser and a mobile operating system. The Google headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California. As of March 31, 2009, the company has 19,786 full-time employees. The company is running thousands of servers worldwide, which process millions of search requests each day and about 1 petabyte of user-generated data every hour.^[5] (2009 -03-31)^[update]

Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising $1.67 billion, implying a value for the entire corporation of $23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy and positive employee relations have been important tenets during the growth of Google. The company has been identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine's #1 Best Place to Work,^[6] and as the most powerful brand in the world.^[7] Alexa ranks Google as the most visited website on the Internet.^[8]

Google's mission is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful".^[9] The unofficial company slogan, coined by former employee and Gmail's first engineer^[10] Paul Buchheit, is "Don't be evil".^[11]^[12]^[13] Criticism of Google includes concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, copyright, and censorship.

history of firefox

2009-10-03T16:19:00.001-07:00

The Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser.^[12] To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization^[13] announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird.

The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally titled Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark issues with Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird free database software project.^[14]^[15]^[16] In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. Continuing pressure from the database server's development community forced another change; on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox,^[17] often referred to as simply Firefox. Mozilla prefers that Firefox be abbreviated as Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF.^[18] The Firefox project went through many versions before 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004. After a series of stability and security fixes, the Mozilla Foundation released its first major update, Firefox version 1.5, on November 29, 2005.

[edit] Version 2.0

Main article: Mozilla Firefox 2

On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Firefox 2. This version includes updates to the tabbed browsing environment; the extensions manager; the GUI; and the find, search and software update engines; a new session restore feature; inline spell checking; and an anti-phishing feature which was implemented by Google as an extension,^[19]^[20] and later merged into the program itself.^[21] In December 2007, Firefox Live Chat was launched. It allows users to ask volunteers questions through a system powered by Jive Software, with guaranteed hours of operation and the possibility of help after hours.^[22]

[edit] Version 3.0

Main article: Mozilla Firefox 3

Mozilla Firefox 3 was released on June 17, 2008,^[23] by the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox 3 uses version 1.9 of the Mozilla Gecko layout engine for displaying web pages. The new version fixes many bugs, improves standard compliance, and implements new web APIs.^[24] Other new features include a redesigned download manager, a new "Places" system for storing bookmarks and history, and separate themes for different operating systems. The latest version under 3.0 is Firefox 3.0.14.

Development stretches back to the first Firefox 3 beta (under the codename 'Gran Paradiso'^[25]) which had been released several months earlier on 19 November 2007,^[26] and was followed by several more beta releases in spring 2008 culminating in the June release.^[27] Firefox 3 had more than 8 million unique downloads the day it was released, setting a Guinness World Record.^[28]

[edit] Version 3.5

Main article: Mozilla Firefox 3.5

Version 3.5, codenamed Shiretoko,^[29] adds a variety of new features to Firefox. Initially numbered Firefox 3.1, Mozilla developers decided to change the numbering of the release to 3.5, in order to reflect a significantly greater scope of changes than originally planned.^[30] These changes include support for the and tags as defined in the HTML 5 specification, with a goal to offer video playback without being encumbered by patent issues associated with many video technologies.^[31] Cross-site XMLHttpRequests (XHR), which can allow for more powerful web applications and an easier way to implement mashups, are also implemented in 3.5.^[32] A new global JSON object contains native functions to efficiently and safely serialize and deserialize JSON objects, as specified by the ECMAScript 3.1 draft.^[33] Full CSS 3 selector support has been added. Firefox 3.5 uses the Gecko 1.9.1 engine, which includes a few features that were not included in the 3.0 release. Multi-touch support was also added to the release, including gesture support like pinching for zooming and swiping for back and forward.^[34] Firefox 3.5 also features an updated logo.^[35] This version of Firefox has had three updates since its release. The first update, 3.5.1, was released on July 16, 2009, and solved some vulnerabilities detected after the initial release. The second update, 3.5.2, was released on July 29, 2009. The third update, 3.5.3, was released on September 9, 2009 and is the latest version currently available.

firefox

2009-10-03T16:19:00.000-07:00

Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation. Firefox has 23.75% of the recorded usage share of web browsers as of September 2009, making it the second most popular browser in terms of current use worldwide after Microsoft's Internet Explorer.^[5]^[update]

To display web pages, Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine, which implements most current web standards in addition to several features which are intended to anticipate likely additions to the standards.^[6]

Latest Firefox features^[7] include tabbed browsing, spell checking, incremental find, live bookmarking, a download manager, private browsing, location-aware browsing (aka "geolocation") based exclusively on a Google service^[8] and an integrated search system that uses Google by default in most localizations. Functions can be added through add-ons, created by third-party developers,^[9] of which there is a wide selection, a feature that has attracted many of Firefox's users.

Firefox runs on various versions of Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, and many other Unix-like operating systems. Its current stable release is version 3.5.3, released on September 9, 2009.^[10] Firefox's source code is free software, released under a tri-license GNU GPL/GNU LGPL/MPL.^[11]^[update]

Protocols

2009-10-03T16:15:00.005-07:00

The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).^[8] The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a series of publications, called Request for Comments (RFCs), freely available on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards.

These standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (RFC 1122, RFC 1123). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the Application Layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program. Below this top layer, the Transport Layer connects applications on different hosts via the network (e.g., client-server model) with appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking technologies, consisting of two layers. The Internet Layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and allows them to connect to one-another via intermediate (transit) networks. Lastly, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer, the Link Layer, that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the details of description, nor implementation, but many similarities exist and the TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking.

The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (10⁹) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion which is estimated to enter its final stage in approximately 2011.^[9] A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid 1990s which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in commercial deployment phase around the world and Internet address registries (RIRs) have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.^[10]

IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a "parallel" version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities are necessary for every networking device that needs to communicate on the IPv6 Internet. Most modern computer operating systems are already converted to operate with both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, are still lagging in this development. Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

History of internet

2009-10-03T16:15:00.004-07:00

The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.^[2]^[3] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO. Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.

Professor Leonard Kleinrock with one of the first ARPANET Interface Message Processors at UCLA

At the IPTO, Licklider got Lawrence Roberts to start a project to make a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,^[4] who had written an exhaustive study for the United States Air Force that recommended packet switching (opposed to circuit switching) to achieve better network robustness and disaster survivability. UCLA professor Leonard Kleinrock had provided the theoretical foundations for packet networks in 1962, and later, in the 1970s, for hierarchical routing, concepts which have been the underpinning of the development towards today's Internet.

After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA's School of Engineering and Applied Science and SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976.

A plaque commemorating the birth of the Internet at Stanford University

X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems. The first TCP/IP-based wide-area network was operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of the NSFNET, a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the conversion to a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second network. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.

The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) were created: UUNET, PSINet and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of an array of standardized commercial routers from many companies, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking, and the widespread implementation and rigorous standardization of TCP/IP on UNIX and virtually every other common operating system.

This NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server.

Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On 6 August 1991, CERN, a pan European organisation for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW, patterned after HyperCard and built using the X Window System. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical Internet. By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a synecdoche in reference to the World Wide Web.

Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet, have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100 percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.^[5] This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. ^[6] Using various statistics, Advanced Micro Devices estimated the population of Internet users to be 1.5 billion as of January 2009.^[7]

Terminology

2009-10-03T16:15:00.003-07:00

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.^[1] The term the Internet, when referring to the Internet, has traditionally been treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. There is a trend to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without the capital.

INTERNET

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The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. In addition it supports popular services such as online chat, file transfer and file sharing, gaming, commerce, social networking, publishing, video on demand, and teleconferencing and telecommunications. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications allow person-to-person communication via voice and video.

The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.

Rules and policies on forums

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Forums are governed by a set of individuals, collectively referred to as staff, made up of administrators and moderators, which are responsible for the forums' conception, technical maintenance, and policies (creation and enforcing). Most forums have a list of rules detailing the wishes, aim and guidelines of the forums creators. There is usually also a FAQ section contain basic information for new members and people not yet familiar with the use and principles of a forum (generally tailored for specific forum software).

Rules on forums usually apply to the entire user body and often have preset exceptions, most commonly designating a section as an exception. For example, in an IT forum any discussion regarding anything but computer programming languages may be against the rules, with the exception of a general chat section.

Forum rules are maintained and enforced by the moderation team, but users are allowed to help out via what is known as a report system. Most American forum software contains such a system.^[10]^[11] It consists of a small function applicable to each post (including one's own). Using it will notify all currently available moderators of its location, and subsequent action or judgment can be carried out immediately, which is desirable in large or very developed boards. Generally, moderators encourage members to also use the private message system if they wish to report behavior. Moderators will generally frown upon attempts of moderation by non-moderators, especially when the would-be moderators do not even issue a report. Messages from non-moderators acting as moderators generally declare a post as against the rules, or predict punishment. While not harmful, statements which attempt to enforce the rules are discouraged.^[12]

When rules are broken several steps are commonly taken. First a warning is usually given; this is commonly in the form of a private message but recent development has made it possible for it to be integrated into the software. Subsequently, if the act is ignored and warnings do not work, the member is – usually – first exiled from the forum for a number of days. Denying someone access to the site is called a ban (as in "you have been banished"). Bans can mean the person can no longer log in or even view the site anymore. If the offender, after the warning sentence, repeats the offense, another ban is given, usually this time a longer one. Continuous harassment of the site eventually leads to a permanent ban. However, in most cases this simply means the account is locked. In extreme cases where the offender – after being permanently banned – creates another account and continues to harass the site, administrators will apply an IP ban (this can also be applied at the server level): if the IP is static, the machine of the offender is prevented from accessing the site. In some extreme circumstances, IP range bans or country bans can be applied; however, this is usually for political, licensing or other reasons. See also: Block (internet), IP blocking, Internet censorship.

Offending content is usually deleted. Sometimes if the topic is considered the source of the problem, it is locked; often a poster may request a topic expected to draw problems to be locked as well, although the moderators decide whether to grant it. In a locked thread, members cannot post anymore. In cases where the topic is considered a breach of rules it – with all of its posts – may be deleted.

forum

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Early Internet forums could be described as a web version of a newsgroup or electronic mailing list (many of which were commonly called Usenet); allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, dedicated to a particular topic.^[2]

Internet forums are prevalent in several developed countries. In terms of countable posts, Japan is far in the lead with over two million posts per day on their largest forum, 2channel. China also has many millions of posts on forums such as Tianya Club. The United States does not have any one large forum, but instead several hundred thousand smaller forums, the largest of which are Gaia Online, IGN and GameFAQs. China, the Netherlands, and France are also home to hundreds of independent forums.^{[citation needed]}

Forums perform a function similar to that of dial-up bulletin board systems and Usenet networks that were common from the late 1970s to the 1990s.^[2] Early web-based forums date back as far as 1996. A sense of virtual community often develops around forums that have regular users. Technology, computer games and/or video games, sports, music, fashion, religion, and politics are popular areas for forum themes, but there are forums for a huge number of topics. Internet slang and image macros popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums.

Forum software packages are widely available on the Internet and are written in a variety of programming languages, such as PHP, Perl, Java and ASP. The configuration and records of posts can be stored in text files or in a database. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering multimedia support and formatting code (usually known as BBCode). Many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles.

Several other web applications, such as weblog software, also incorporate forum features. Wordpress comments at the bottom of a blog post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. Slashcode, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile features available to forum users.

what's ur mode today

2009-10-02T18:35:00.001-07:00

hi

Guyz and G!rls

how are you today

!!!

this top!c l!kes a game

just write your cond!t!on today

ok or bad

happy or sad

l!ke That

I hope that u get it

13# reality of

2009-10-02T18:35:00.000-07:00

Thirteen is the number of misfortune. There are many hotels without a room 13 or 13th floor and getting married on the 13thday has been avoided. The worst thing is Friday the 13th. If there are thirteen chairs around a table, the person sitting on the last chair is believed to die. For example when EU was founded there were thirteen founder countries but the flag has only twelve stars. Why is it the number of misfortune? Probably because thirteen is one bigger than twelve, the number of perfection

Humorous corner

2009-10-02T18:31:00.004-07:00

In this show thread I will share you fun and joy by adding some pretty jokes, at least to laugh and to change the routine of browsing the web
.

So, please try to submit a joke whatever is it

.

After one of the machines at work suddenly went on the fritz, our boss called the repair service and asked to speak to the manager, Ahmed. "Hello, Ed speaking. How can I help you?" said the guy who answered the phone.

"Sorry," said my boss. "I was looking for Ahmed."

"This is Ahmed," came the reply. "How can I help you?"

"I thought you said your name was Ed?" asked my boss.

"It is. But whenever I say 'Ahmed,' people think I'm saying 'I'm Ed.' So I figured it's easier just to be Ed

.

five surgeons
Five surgeons are discussing who makes the best patients on the operating table.

The first surgeon says, "I like to see accountants on my operating table, because when you open them up, everything inside is numbered."

The second responds, "Yeah, but you should try electricians! Everything inside them is color coded."

The third surgeon says, "No, I really think librarians are the best; everything inside them is in alphabetical order."

The fourth surgeon chimes in: "You know, I like construction workers...those guys always understand when you have a few parts left over at the end, and when the job takes longer than you said it would."

But the fifth surgeon shut them all up when he observed: "You're all wrong. Politicians are the easiest to operate on. There's no guts, no heart, and no spine, and the head and butt are interchangeable

.

blood test
Two children were sitting outside a clinic. One of them was crying very loudly.
2nd Child: Why are you crying?

1st Child: I came here for a blood test.

2nd Child: So? Are you afraid?

1st Child: No. For the blood test, they cut my finger.

At this, the second one started crying profusely.

The first one was astonished.

1st Child: Why are you crying now?

2nd Child: I came for a saliva test
!

HOPE YOU ENJOY IT

without name

2009-10-02T18:31:00.003-07:00

I have an idea

every week we choose topic and talk about it in english to improve our word

i suggest the first topic is

parents

i will waite you if you like it

E-learning is Inevitable

2009-10-02T18:31:00.002-07:00

In this ever-changing world, if you want to have a successful career and rewarding future, you need to constantly upgrade yourself. You have to spend at least one hour a day to study to keep up. Since life is already busy for most of us, e-learning is the solution

Woman’s psychological rights in Islam

2009-10-02T18:31:00.001-07:00

Woman’s psychological rights in Islam

All praise be to Allah Alone & peace and blessings be upon His last messenger and Prophet.

Marriage was mentioned in the Qur’an as one of Allah’s signs in His universe and one of His bounties on His servants.

He says (Glory be to Him) in the Holy Qur’an:
“And among His signs, that He created for you, from your ownselves, mates that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts, verily in that are signs for those who reflect” Al-Room 21.
The Noble verse stated the goals of the marriage life that are tranquility, love and compassion, in addition to mercy between the couple.

These are all psychological, spiritual values; life becomes meaningless once it is slipped of these values. It becomes only two bodies live close to each others with separated souls. Such a life soon will collapse.

Thus some husbands mistakenly think that their duties towards their spouses are limited to spending, clothing and housing only. They ignore the fact that a woman needs the good word, the cheerful smile, the soft touch, the entertaining kess, the lovely treatment and the gentle joke that gives comfort, remove burden and guarantee a happy life.

The interpreters of the Holy Qur’an discussed the marital rights and the etiquette marriage life from the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah (the prophetic tradition), some of these rights are: Treating the wife gently and having great tolerance towards her mistakes. Allah the Most High Says in the Holy Qur’an:
“Live with them on footing of kindness and equity” Al-Nissaa 19

Treating one’s wife kindly requires also bearing with her anger patiently, following the footsteps of the prophet (May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) who’s wives used to argue with him and sometimes one them may desert him all day long.
He used to say to his wife Ayisha (May Allah be pleased with her): Indeed I know whenever you’re angry and whenever you’re pleased, she asked: how do you recognize that?, he answered: whenever you are pleased with me you swear by the Lord of Mohamed versus when you are upset you swear by the Lord of Abraham, she then said: I only desert your name.

Ibnul-Alqayyem reported that the tradition of the prophet (May the best peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) with his wives was: good manners and kind treatment, he used to send the young girls to play with Ayisha, whenever she drank he used to put his lips on the same spot she put hers and drink after her.

He (May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) used to rest his head in her lap and recite the qur’an.

He (May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) used to kiss her even while fasting, and whenever she was menstruated he would embrace her but after she would cover her lower part.

But … the virtue enemies’ sounds rise in the middle of the fever caused by the woman's rights wave pretending that Islamic principles encourage the violence against woman and the persecution against them.

So some raves then says that Islam is the enemy of the woman; decreases her dignity, insults her pride, and destroys her feeling of autonomy, treating her as animal, as a maid for his sensual pleasure or an instrument of reproduction, no more.

She is always the follower of the man who controls her in every thing, and who has all kinds of privileges. (Prof. Iman Alhallaq).

Some examples of this delirium also what came in the participants work papers in the first forum of the conference of the Arab woman summit.

Zeinab Bin Ayyad, an expert from Tunisia, says that the Arab woman should be fully aware of the necessity of getting off its closure and to express freely its desire for coping with the international changes, then she highlighted the woman's rights recognized internationally - with no exception to the Arab woman - within the international charters, with special focus on the agreement of the eradication of all distinctions forms against the women approved by the UN General Assembly on1979 (known as Copenhagen agreement) the application of such agreement should provide positive incitement to the movement of the Arab woman.

She analyzed the Arab societies harmony with the essence of the international charters in respect of their contribution, concentrating on the precautions, suspicions and with special focus on the practical application and exercise referring to many models from some Arab countries (such as Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Yemen, Tunisia and others) where the Arab woman enjoyed some of their rights despite the relative differences of the application measures.

She also studied what remained to be achieved until the Arab woman embraces the latest developments of this era and enjoys the rights included in the international charters that suit her interest.

And the working paper extracted some results and deductions; the most important is the necessity of the progressive approach for the elimination of all kind of precautions or reservations with the concentration on the Tunisian practices as a pioneer model in this field.

All that should be within the framework of cooperation and partnership, taking all the legislative steps for the application of the agreements texts as long as that the law is one of the change instruments.

On the other hand, in a study published by the Family Psychological Sciences magazine, the researchers found that:
The way in which the husband and wife perceive one another shows precisely the stability of the marriage as the marital relation (in the case of the happy husbands) depends on the way of dealing with each other.

The experts concluded a number of ideas that give a glance at the future of marital life, such as the use of WE instead of I when talking about the future plans from both, the husband and the wife.

Also, each of them should mention the other party with appreciation and they should also give the others an impression that they are proud of their relationship and their marriage besides matching the viewpoints and the reinforcement of each other’s viewpoints during any conversation or discussion.

The researchers see that the spouses should commemorate the date of their first meeting and try to remember the details of that happy day during which they were unified.
They should not deal in a passive way with their life difficulties, they should remain always optimistic and positive (The network of the Morocco gate’s lighthouse).

Most probably the psychological tensions show up when the distance between them becomes big miles and when the gap that separates between them becomes deep to the extent that one don’t see nor hear the other …Why?

The answer is simply because, on the psychological level, each one of them has canceled the other
And this is the initial pillar created by the independence from the man using the distinction elimination agreement, so that they become equal...
That means that each of them has turned to be a zero in the other’s perception.
This is the only beginning...
Because, if the marriage was the peak of feeling each others, his collapse is at the moment when we stop to feel each others...
And …, indeed, that is the complete collapse of the proper meaning of the cordiality, dwelling and mercy between them.

Dr. Adel Sadeq confirms that there is some people who are, psychologically, not ready for the marriage because they do not possess the factors that help them dissolve in another human being or bearing his (her) care responsibility and exchanging of tenderness and cordiality with him (her).

This is the kind of individuals formed or created by the agreement of the eradication of all distinction forms, consequently the man and the woman become two counterparts... two contradictory not two integrated souls.

The framework of the distinction elimination agreement is based on the false assumption that the man or the woman, each one of them is perfect; therefore one can live and do well without the other.

The ultimate truth which can not be denied is that a man has a dryness and emotional needs that only woman can satisfy, in the same time, the woman needs the man to take the life pressures away from her, to undertake the responsibility of providing her with better life conditions and to protect her from the daily tensions so that she gets the sentimental and living stability.

We were told by the Prophet of Guidance (May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that both man and woman have faire and equal rights, but also, each of them has some privileges that the other doesn’t have.

The man is privileged by being given the guardianship and the right of the family administration, while the woman is privileged by having superior position before their sons and daughters, as the All-Mighty Allah ordered every body to obey his mother and to be good to her, to treat her with great care and sympathy.

The woman is tranquility and mercy, she is the best of the world’s pleasure, and she is to be always served, protected and taken care of.

While the greatest pleasure in the hereafter is the luxury in the highest Paradise which is the expensive valuable commodity of Allah, the greatest pleasure in this world is the righteous pious woman. And who ever got such woman he has got the dearest treasure.
And … to encourage men to take care of girls … said our prophet (May the best peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) that the charity to the girls will be rewarded from Allah in the hereafter, those girls will be for him as shelter from the hellfire.

Abi Shoraih Khowailed Bin Amr Al-Khozaie (May Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the prophet (May the best peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said : (oh Allah I forbid the violation of the weak, orphan and woman’s rights) narrated by Al-Nissaee with good attribution, Ahmed 2 / 439, and Ibn Majah 3678 of Abi Huraira 's Hadith (prophetic saying).

The use of the good selected words with the wives was mentioned frankly in the Hadith (prophetic saying) of our beloved Messenger (May the best peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) He said: (Never use bad words) … this Hadith is an important indication of the good care taken by the Islam towards the woman. The Prophet (May the best peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said: be advised concerning women, fear Allah regarding them, for they are your assistants.

Allah (Glory be to Him) also said in the Holy Quraan:
“if they obeyed, seek not against them means of annoyance, for Allah is Most High, Great (above you all)” Al-Nissaa 34.

Al-Nawawi, Al-Hafez and others said in the explanation of this verse: you do not behave in a way that annoys, bothers or hurts them.

O’ my beloved sisters… the daughters of the noblest and highest religion … you are indeed enjoying the superior rank in Islam..

You are perceived as the sun that enlightens our life, as the planets up high in the sky... do not leave this peak.

You were prepared to undertake a great task O dear, you are the pride of your nation.
Pay great attention to the ways of the debauchery people and purify your chest from their sins.

O dear…, they are attacking your eminence using the soft and dangerous weapon of the said liberation and progress. The real description is the mess and disorder.
O the spring breeze…, they want you to be an easy target in the hand of each adulterer, drunk and libertine.

As soon as one of them takes what he want and fulfill his low desires, he then turns to another woman looking for more.

O the star of the chaste purity, they want you ... they want to spoil your honor and dignity.
Liberate yourself from their sins and refuse their essays by saying:
"Allah forbid! truly He is my Lord! Who made my sojourn agreeable! truly to no good come those who do wrong!" youssuf 23.

O Allah, … the Lord of the universe, the God of all the creatures keep our Muslim girls and women safe from any harm and grant them with your assurance, safety and compassion.

O’ Allah use us in support of Your noble religion, Your glorious Book, and the Sunnah (prophetic tradition) of Your Beloved Messenger and Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and make us from those who are upon guidance! Amen.

O’ Allah, may your best blessings and peace be upon Mohamed and all the prophets & messengers.

All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the universe

And … Allah is the source of all sincerity

funny film

2009-10-02T18:31:00.000-07:00

hello very every body
i want to show u very funny thing for whose love computer
Animator vs. Animation
please i want ur opinion
thanks for alll

They talk to you about happiness

2009-10-02T18:27:00.004-07:00

One of them
said:

The true happiness is existed in appreciating others' talents and getting happy for their happiness .
for that the happiest person over the world when he sees happy person feels happy for his happiness and the joy is running in himself because the happy persons in this life are a lot so the person will inspire his joyful and happiness from closer one no need to look it up away.

A humorous saying on happiness :

The happiness is just like a ghost pleased for chasing and for following.
If it caught and be known by people .they fed it up and looking forward to seeing another. As if the happiness in chasing people and gathering their news.

Ways of Cooking

2009-10-02T18:27:00.003-07:00

Cooking is not one type. There many ways of cooking
To know more about the ways of cooking, download the following doc

talking about your family

2009-10-02T18:27:00.002-07:00

Talking about your family

Your family tree
Your closest relatives are your parents: your mother and father; and your siblings (brothers or sisters). If your mother or father is not an only child, you also have aunts and / or uncles. An aunt is the sister of your mother or father, while an uncle is the brother of your mother or father. Your female child is called your daughter, and your male child is your son.

If your aunts or uncles have children, they are your first cousins. (In English, the word cousin is used, whether the cousin is female or male.) Your female cousin is your mother (or father's) niece, while a male cousin is the nephew of your mother and father.

In-laws

When you marry, your husband (or wife's) family become your in-laws. The mother of your spouse (husband or wife) is your mother-in-law and his or her father becomes your father-in-law. The term in-law is also used to describe your relationship with the spouses of your siblings. So the husband of your sister becomes your brother-in-law, while the sister of your husband becomes your sister-in-law. If you are a woman, you become the daughter-in-law of your husband's parents, and if you are a man, you become the son-in-law of your wife's parents. The same term in-law is used for all generations. The husband of your aunt is still your mother's brother-in-law, for example.

Grandparents / grandchildren

The parents of your parents are your grandparents - grandmother and grandfather. You are their grandchildren - either a granddaughter or a grandson. If your grandparent has a sister, she is your great-aunt. If your grandparent has a brother, he is your great-uncle. (And you are either his or her great-niece or great-nephew.)

The mother of your grandmother or grandfather is your great-grandmother. The father is your great-grandfather. If you go back another generation, the grandmother of your grandmother / grandfather is your great-great-grandmother. The grandfather of your grandparent becomes your great-great-grandfather.

Second families

If your mother or father remarries, you can acquire a new family and set of relatives. For example, if your father marries a second wife, she becomes your step-mother. Any children she already has become your step-sisters or step-brothers.

If your mother or father remarries and has children, they become your half-brothers or half-sisters.

You might also hear people talking about their biological brother / sister etc, to mean a brother who is related by blood, rather than by marriage.

Key Skills

2009-10-02T18:27:00.001-07:00

Study a Balance of the 4 Key Skills
(Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing)
Most students want to communicate better in English. If this is one of your goals, it is important to study a balance of the four major skills. Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing are the main (macro) skills you need to communicate in any language. Being very good at only one of these skills will not help you to communicate. For example you need to be able to read well before you can write well. You also need to be able to listen before you can speak. It helps to think of these communicative skills in two groups.

INput «««
Listening (in through your ears)
Reading (in through your eyes)

OUTput »»»
Speaking (out through your mouth)
Writing (out through your hand)

Ways of Looking

2009-10-02T18:27:00.000-07:00

Do you know the difference between glance, look, eyeball and geek? Whether your answer is Yes or No

How is clothe made

2009-10-02T18:23:00.003-07:00

The first clothes worn by human beings were made from

animal skins and fur. Later, people learned to make cloth from other natural materials, such as plants, and still later, from artificial fibers .

Most types of cloth are made on a loom. The loom weaves threads together. Modern looms work automatically. Some weaving is still done on traditional hand looms.

Some materials, such as cotton and wool, have to be spun before they are woven. Spinning make short fibres into long thread.

#People started to spin wool and cotton fibers into thread many thousands of years ago. The first spinning machine was like a long spinning top.

#The spinning wheel was probably invented in India. People started using it in Europe about the year 1300.

#Around 1767 James Hargreaves invented a machine that he called the spinning jenny. It spun thread automatically and made spinning much quicker.

#The loom appeared around 5000Bc. The first looms were very simple.

#Weaving by hand was very slow. The flying shuttle was invented in 1733. It carried the thread from side to side automatically. Before this, it was passed through by hand.

#The Jacquard loom was invented in 1801. It could weave complicated patterns into the cloth.

#The first artificial fiber was patented in 1892. It was an artificial silk, called rayon

Washington

2009-10-02T18:23:00.002-07:00

Washington , the capital of the united states of America , is a city of symbols.
The capitol building is where the united states congress meets .
The white house is the home of the president.
The Lincoln and Jefferson memorialswere built to honor two of the united states greatest presidents .
The Washington monument ,begun in 1848 ,is a tribute to George Washington
The country’s the first president .
Washington is also a city of institutions : the bureau of printing and engraving
The federal bureau of investigation ,the library of congress .
The supreme court building hoses the highest court in the land .
The city is one of the united states greatest tourist attractions with its many parks and museums .
The national zoological park , created in1887 exhibits more than 4000 wild animals, and is also a major research facility.
The Smithsonian institutions , founded in 1846 , is the largest complexmuseums in the world .
The national air and space museum has more than 9 million visitors each year ,making its Washingtonmost popular museum .
Washington is also the city of art , it is home to the hirschhorn and freer museums
You will enjoy touring the national gallery of art , the museum of modern art , and dozens of other fine art institutions.
The Folger Shakespeare library has the world s largest collection of Shakespeare s work .
Washington is also a city filled with memorials to the nation’s proud military history .
The visitors can pay respect to the nation’s fallen heroes at the intensity moving Vietnam war memorial .

The tomb of the unknown soldier at Arlington national cemetery , and the lwo jima memorial ,
Georgetown is one of Washington’s favorite spot , there you can visit the embassy row, eat at Georgetown’s many fine restaurants , and walk it’s tree lined streets .

An easy presentation

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An easy presentation
Clothes around the world

In money countries, traditional clothes are still worn. People sometimes were certain clothes because of their religious beliefs. For example some Muslim women always keep their faces covered.
In Japan, many women wear beautiful, embroidered gowns called kimonos. The gowns have deep sleeves and are tied at the waist with a wide sash called an obi. Indian women wear graceful saris. A sari is a length of cloth that is draped carefully around the body, and then drawn over the head or shoulders. Some Indian and Pakistani women wear trousers, often of silk, with a tunic on top. In many parts of India, men wear a simple garment called a dhoti.
In Lapland, where the temperature is usually below freezing, the people wear thick brightly-colored clothes made from wool and reindeer skins. In hot regions of Africa and South America, tribal people wear practically no clothes at all. Some of them cover their bodies with jewelry made from colored beads and animal hair. Some use vegetable dyes to paint their bodies

color meanings

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Red
Red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love
Orange
Orange combines the energy of red and the happiness of yellow. It is associated with joy, sunshine, and the tropics. Orange represents enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, and stimulation
.. Yellow
Yellow is the color of sunshine. It's associated with joy, happiness, intellect, and energy
Green
Green is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money
Blue
Blue is the color of the sky and sea. It is often associated with depth and stability. It symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven
Black
Black is associated with power, elegance, formality, death, evil, and mystery

i hope you can get benfit from this topic.. . .

I gave you life, but cannot live it for you

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I gave you life, but cannot live it for you.

I can teach you things, but I cannot make you learn.

I can give you directions, but I cannot be there to lead you.

I can allow you freedom, but I cannot account for it.

I can teach you right from wrong, but I cannot always decide for you.

I can buy you beautiful clothes, but I cannot make you beautiful inside.

I can offer you advice, but I cannot accept it for you.

I can give you love, but I cannot force it upon you.

I can teach you to share, but I cannot make you unselfish.

I can teach you respect, but I cannot force you to show honor.

I can advise you about friends, but cannot choose them for you.

I can advise you about sex, but I cannot keep you pure.

I can tell you the facts of life, but I can’t build your reputation.

I can tell you about lofty goals, but I can’t achieve them for you.

I can teach you about kindness, but I can’t force you to be gracious.

I can tell you how to live, but I cannot give you eternal life.

I can love you with unconditional love all of my life . . . and I will!!!

Always, Mom.

cute poems for friend

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cute poems for friend

Sometimes in life,
you find a special friend;
Someone who changes your life
just by being part of it.
Someone who makes you laugh
Cant stop;
Someone who makes you believe
that there really is good in the world.
Someone who convinces you
that there really is an unlocked door
just waiting for you to open it.

This is Forever Friendship.
When you're down,
and the world seems dark and empty,
Your forever friend lifts you up in spirit
and makes that dark and empty world
suddenly seem bright and full.
Your forever friend gets you through
the hard times, the sad times,
and the confused times.
Your forever friend holds your hand
and tells you that
everything is going to be okay.
And if you find such a friend,
you feel happy and complete,
because you need not worry.
You have a forever friend for life,
and forever has no end

A Woman Without Her Man Is Nothing

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An English professor wrote the words: "A woman without her man is nothing" on the board and asked his students to punctuate it correctly

READ CAREFULLY

"All of the males in the class wrote: "A woman, without her man, is nothing

"All the females in the class wrote: "A woman: without her, man is nothing

The Keys toExcellent Speaking

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What is the most important English skill? What skill must you have to communicate well?
Obviously , number 1 is Fluency . What is fluency? Fluency is the ability to speak (and understand)
English quickly and easily... WITHOUT translation. Fluency means you can talk easily with native
speakers-- they easily understand you, and you easily understand them. In fact, you speak and
understand instantly .
Fluency is your most important English goal .
The research is clear-- there is only ONE way to get fluency. You do not get fluency by reading textbooks .
You do not get fluency by going to English schools. You do not get fluency by studying
grammar rules.
Listening Is The Key
To get English fluency, you must have a lot of understandable repetitive listening. That is the
ONLY way. To be a FANTASTIC English speaker, you must learn English with your ears, not with
your eyes. In other words, you must listen. Your ears are the key to excellent speaking.
What kind of listening is best? Well, it must be understandable and must be repetitive. Both of
those words are important-- Understandable and Repetitive .
If you don't understand, you learn nothing. You will not improve. That's why listening to English TV
does not help you. You don't understand most of it. It is too difficult. It is too fast.
Its obvious right? If you do not understand, you will not improve. So, the best listening material is
EASY. That’s right, you should listen mostly to easy English. Most students listen to English that is
much too difficult. They don’t understand enough, and so they learn slowly. Listen to easier English,
and your speaking will improve faster!
Understanding is Only Half The Formula.
Understanding is not enough. You must also have a lot of repetition. If you hear a new word only
once, you will soon forget it. If you hear it 5 times, you will still probably forget it!
You must hear new words and new grammar many times before you will understand them
instantly.
How many times is necessary? Most people must hear a new word 30 times to remember it forever.
To know a word and instantly understand it, you probably need to hear it 50-100 times!
That's why I tell my students to listen to all of my lessons many times. I tell them to listen to the
Mini-Stories, the Vocab Lessons, The Point-of-View Stories, and the Audio articles everyday. I recommend
that they listen to each lesson a total of 30 times (for example, 2 times a day for two weeks)

So, the two most important points are: listen to easier English and listen to each thing many
times.
Powerful Listening and Excellent Speaking
1. Practice “Narrow Listening”
“Narrow listening” means listening to many things about the same topic. This method is more powerful
than trying to listen to many different kinds of things. Students who listen to similar things learn
faster and speak better than students who listen to different kinds of things.
For example, you can choose one speaker and find many things by him. Listen to all of his podcasts,
audio books, and speeches. This is powerful because all speakers have favorite vocabulary
and grammar. They naturally repeat these many times. By listening to many things by the same
person, you automatically get a lot of vocabulary repetition. You learn faster and deeper!
Another example is to choose one topic to focus on. For example, you could read an easy book, listen
to the same audio book, listen to a podcast about the book, and watch the movie.
I did this with my class in San Francisco. We read “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory”. Then we
listened to the audio book. Then we watched (and listened to) the movie. Then we listened to interviews
with actors in the movie. My students learned a lot of vocabulary in a short time, and their
speaking improved very quickly.
2. Divide Your Listening Time
Which is better: to listen for two hours without a break, or to divide that time during the day? Well,
dividing your listening time is best.
By dividing your time throughout the day, you remember more and learn faster. So its much better
to listen 30 minutes in the morning, then 30 minutes in the car or train, then 30 minutes coming
home from work, then 30 minutes before sleep. In fact, this is the exact schedule I recommend to
my students!
3. Use an iPod or MP3 Player
iPods are fantastic. You can put a big listening library on one. Then you can carry your English lessons
everywhere. You can learn English while walking, while shopping, in the car, in a train, while
cooking,.......
With an iPod or MP3 player, you don’t have to worry about CDs. Also, you can find a lot of English
listening on the internet. You can find lessons, stories, podcasts, TV shows, interviews, and audio
books. Simply download the audio, put it on your iPod.. and learn English anywhere!
4. Listen To Movies
Movies are great for learning English BUT you must use them correctly. Don’t watch all of an
English movie. You will not understand it, and therefore you will not learn anything.
Only watch one scene or segment per week (maybe 2-3 minutes). Follow this method:
a) First, watch the scene with subtitles in your language. This will help you understand the general
meaning.
b) Second, watch the scene with English subtitles. Pause. Use a dictionary to find new words you
don’t understand. Write the new sentences in a notebook.
c) Listen to the scene a few times, with English subtitles. Do not pause.
d) Listen to the scene a few times, without subtitles.
e) Repeat a) - d) everyday for one week.
On the second week, go to the next scene/segment and repeat again. It will take you a long time to
finish a movie. That’s OK, because you will improve your listening and speaking VERY FAST. This
method is powerful-- use it!
5. Read and Listen at the Same Time
Listening and Reading together are very powerful. While you listen to something, also read it. This
will improve your pronunciation.
Reading while listening also helps you understand more difficult material. Read and listen to learn
faster. After you do this a few times, put away the text and just listen. You will understand a lot
more and you will improve faster. Always try to find both audio and text materials.
To start, you can read my blog and listen to my podcast at:
Audio & Text

Another great idea is to get both a book and its audio book (ie. the above example of “Charlie and
the Chocolate Factory”).
6 Months To Excellent English Speaking
Follow the above suggestions (and the 7 Rules in my email course) and you will speak excellent
English.
I have been teaching over 10 years. Every student who follows these methods succeeds. Always!
The Effortless English method is the key to speaking excellent English. It is the key to fluency.
You only need 6 months-- 6 months and you will speak easily to native speakers. 6 months and
you will speak quickly and naturally. 6 months and you feel relaxed when you speak English.
You have tried the old ways. You tried textbooks. You tried schools. You tried grammar study.
It is time to try something new!
Good luck. I wish you success with your English learning

DAY OF THE WAR(Real events)

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27December 2008 the date which I will not forget in my life, such as another dates(1948-1967) However the recent war is different for me because Ilived this terrible war .
In the day 27-12-2008 in the morning Iwent to the University and the weather was relatively cold and the streets were very normal . After Ifinished my lecture, I returned to the home after I arrived to my home the air strikes began on Gaza city I did not Know in that time it was the begining of a cruel war, All my brothers and sisters returned from their schools ,but my mother did not come . my mother has worked at school close to my aunt,s house so Ispoke with the daughter of my aunt, to aske her about my mother but she crying on the phone Iasked her what happened ? she told me that her brother was killed I frozen in my seat I did not know waat to do

HAPHAZARD UNDRESS.*. If you throw your clothes all over the house , you are a friendly , life-of-the-party type . You are free with the thoughts and o

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protection, so that he may hear the word of Allah (the Qur’aan) }[Qur’aan 9:6]

The Qur’aan was brought down by Jibreel (Gabriel) to Prophet Muhammad (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and over a period of 23 years it was revealed in portions and piecemeal as circumstances warranted.

Allah states: { And truly this ( the Qur’aan) is a revelation from the Lord of the 'aalamin (mankind, jinns and all that exists ) which the trustworthy Ruh (Gabriel) has brought down }[Qur’aan 26: 192-193.]

And He said: { And those who disbelieved say: ‘Why is not the Qur’aan revealed to him all at once?’. Thus (it is sent down in parts ) that We may strengthen your heart thereby. And We have revealed it to you gradually, in stages }(Qur’aan 25:32)

The Prophet peace be upon him would memorize the verses he received and recite them to the companions and ordered them to write them down immediately. Whatever those expert scribes and apnted recorders wrote was checked by the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) himself. The Prophet Muhammad (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) had no formal schooling and he is referred to by Allah as being ummee or illiterate. This adds to the miraculous nature of the Qur’aan and the Prophet’s (sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) own statements which could not have been uttered by one such as he without divine intervention.

The Qur’aan is the last of Allah’s scriptures divided into 114 Suwar (chapters) of unequal length. It starts with Surah Al-Faatiha (The Opening) and ends with Surah An-Nas (Mankind). It is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic teachings. It guards the previous revelations and reinforces the eternal truth of monotheism.

The Qur’aan stands today as it first came down and it always will be. To it there has never been any addition, from it there is no omission, and in it there has occd no corruption.

Allah said: { Do they not then consider the Qur’aan carefully? Had it been from other than Allah they would surely have found therein much contradictions }[Qur’aan 4:82

How you undress your personality

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HAPHAZARD UNDRESS.*.
If you throw your clothes all over the house , you are a friendly , life-of-the-party type . You are free with the thoughts and opinions , not caring much about the others think of you .

.*.METICULOUS UNDRESS.*.
If you remove each piece of clothing and put it away carefully , you are a serious person who likes life very clam . You are comfortable with routine , and you believe that the best way to deal with life's problem is to prevent them in first place .

.*.SHOES AND SOCKS FIRST UNDRESS.*.
If you take off the shirt , and ten minutes later get around to the pants , you extremely selfconfident , intellectual , a deep thinker , and don't like to be hassled . Usually you like alot of free time for yourself .

.*.SLOW UNDRESS.*.
You are perfectionist , very shy , observant , dependable , intense , and think before making decisions . You go about you tasks methodically , with conectration . You know how to pay attention .

.*FAST UNDRESS ..*.
If you get out of your clothes as quickly as possible , you are concerned about others and what they expect from you , but you're worried about your own needs . You are family-oriented , and say extremely busy .

.*.JEWELRY OFF FIRST UNDRESS.*.
If you take off your rings , watch , etc., before anything else , you are warm , thoughful , sensitive , and romantic

.*.NEVER THE SAME WAY UNDRESS.*.
If you never do it the same way twice , you a very curious , interesting person , and you enjoy a broad range of activities . You take risks and enjoy fun and adventure .

Psychiatrist Dr.Frank Caprio